How Gear Ratios Work

Gears are generally used for one of four different reasons:

You can see effects 1, 2 and 3 in the figure above. In this figure, you can see that the two gears are rotating in opposite directions, that the smaller gear is spinning twice as fast as the larger gear, and that the axis of rotation of the smaller gear is to the right of the axis of rotation of the larger gear.

The fact that one gear is spinning twice as fast as the other is because of the ratio between the gears — the gear ratio. In this figure, the diameter of the gear on the left is twice that of the gear on the right. The gear ratio is therefore 2:1 (pronounced "two to one"). If you watch the figure, you can see the ratio: Every time the larger gear goes around once, the smaller gear goes around twice. If both gears had the same diameter, they would rotate at the same speed but in opposite directions.

Understanding the concept of the gear ratio is easy if you understand the concept of the circumference of a circle—the distance around the circle's perimeter.

Let's say that you have circle whose circumference is 4 inches and a circle whose circumference is 2 inches. If you roll each circle along a 4-inch line, the first circle will cover the distance in a single full rotation; since the second circle's circumference is half that of the first circle, it has to complete two full rotations to cover the same distance. This explains why the two gears, one with half the circumference of the other, have a gear ratio of 2:1. The smaller gear has to spin twice to cover the same distance covered when the larger gear spins once.

Since the equation for calculating the circumference of a circle is simply pi multiplied by the circle's diameter, you can also calculate gear ratios by comparing two circles' diameters. Two gears, one with a diameter of 6 inches and another with a diameter of 3 inches, will have a gear ratio of 2:1.

Most gears that you see in real life have teeth. The teeth have three advantages:

To create large gear ratios, gears are often connected together in gear trains, as shown on the left.

The right-hand (purple) gear in the train is actually made in two parts: A small gear and a larger gear are connected, one on top of the other. Gear trains often consist of multiple gears in the train, as shown in the next figures.

In the case above, the purple gear turns at a rate twice that of the blue gear. The green gear turns at twice the rate of the purple gear. The red gear turns at twice the rate as the green gear. The gear train shown below has a higher gear ratio:

In this train, the smaller gears are one-fifth the size of the larger gears. That means that if you connect the purple gear to a motor spinning at 100 revolutions per minute (rpm), the green gear will turn at a rate of 500 rpm and the red gear will turn at a rate of 2,500 rpm. In the same way, you could attach a 2,500-rpm motor to the red gear to get 100 rpm on the purple gear. If you can see inside your power meter and it's of the older style with five mechanical dials, you will see that the five dials are connected to one another through a gear train like this, with the gears having a ratio of 10:1. Because the dials are directly connected to one another, they spin in opposite directions (you will see that the numbers are reversed on dials next to one another).

If you want to create a high gear ratio, nothing beats the worm gear. On a worm gear, a threaded shaft engages the teeth on a gear. Each time the shaft spins one revolution, the gear moves one tooth forward. If the gear has 40 teeth, you have a 40:1 gear ratio in a very small package. Worm gears allow windshield wipers to function. A mechanical odometer is another place that uses a lot of worm gears.

Planetary Gears

There are many other ways to use gears. One specialized gear train is called a planetary gear train. Planetary gears solve the following problem. Let's say you want a gear ratio of 6:1 with the input turning in the same direction as the output. One way to create that ratio is with the following three-gear train.

In this train, the blue gear has six times the circumference of the yellow gear (giving a 6:1 ratio). The size of the red gear is not important because it is just there to reverse the direction of rotation so that the blue and yellow gears turn the same way. However, imagine that you want the axis of the output gear to be the same as that of the input gear. A common place where this same-axis capability is needed is in an electric screwdriver. In that case, you can use a planetary gear system, as shown here.

In this gear system, the yellow gear (the sun) engages all three red gears (the planets) simultaneously. All three are attached to a plate (the planet carrier), and they engage the inside of the blue gear (the ring) instead of the outside. Because there are three red gears instead of one, this gear train is extremely rugged. The output shaft is attached to the blue ring gear, and the planet carrier is held stationary — this gives the same 6:1 gear ratio. You can see a picture of a two-stage planetary gear system on the electric screwdriver page, and a three-stage planetary gear system of the sprinkler page. You also find planetary gear systems inside automatic transmissions.

Another interesting thing about planetary gearsets is that they can produce different gear ratios depending on which gear you use as the input, which gear you use as the output, and which one you hold still. For instance, if the input is the sun gear, and we hold the ring gear stationary and attach the output shaft to the planet carrier, we get a different gear ratio. In this case, the planet carrier and planets orbit the sun gear, so instead of the sun gear having to spin six times for the planet carrier to make it around once, it has to spin seven times. This is because the planet carrier circled the sun gear once in the same direction as it was spinning, subtracting one revolution from the sun gear. So in this case, we get a 7:1 reduction.

You could rearrange things again, and this time hold the sun gear stationary, take the output from the planet carrier and hook the input up to the ring gear. This would give you a 1.17:1 gear reduction. An automatic transmission uses planetary gearsets to create the different gear ratios, using clutches and brake bands to hold different parts of the gearset stationary and change the inputs and outputs.

Imagine the following situation: You have two red gears that you want to keep synchronized, but they are some distance apart. You can place a big gear between them if you want them to have the same direction of rotation, as is shown in the image.

Or you can use two equal-sized gears if you want them to have opposite directions of rotation.

However, in both of these cases the extra gears are likely to be heavy and you need to create axles for them. In these cases, the common solution is to use either a chain or a toothed belt, as shown.

The advantages of chains and belts are light weight, the ability to separate the two gears by some distance, and the ability to connect many gears together on the same chain or belt. For example, in a car engine, the same toothed belt might engage the crankshaft, two camshafts and the alternator. If you had to use gears in place of the belt, it would be a lot harder.

For more information on gears and their applications, check out the links that follow.