How does a magneto work?

Most small lawn mowers, chain saws, trimmers and other small gasoline engines do not need a battery. Instead, they actually generate the power for the spark plug using a magneto. Magnetos are also used on many small airplanes (for example, the Cessna 152 seen in How Airplanes Work) because they are extremely reliable.

The idea behind any ignition system is to generate an extremely high voltage -- on the order of 20,000 volts -- at exactly the right time. The voltage causes a spark to jump across the spark plug's gap, and the spark ignites the fuel in the engine. See How Car Engines Work or How Two-Stroke Engines Work for details.

The magneto is the white block in the following photo (this is the magneto for a chain saw):

The idea behind a magneto is simple. It is basically an electrical generator that has been tuned to create a periodic high-voltage pulse rather than continuous current. An electrical generator (or a magneto) is the reverse of an electromagnet (see How Electromagnets Work for details). In an electromagnet there is a coil of wire around an iron bar (the armature). When you apply current to the electromagnet's coil (e.g. with a battery), the coil creates a magnetic field in the armature. In a generator, you reverse the process. You move a magnet past the armature to create electric current in the coil.

A magneto consists of five parts:

An armature. In the above magneto, the armature is shaped like a capital "U". The two ends of the U point toward the flywheel.
A primary coil of perhaps 200 turns of thick wire wrapped around one leg of the U
A secondary coil of perhaps 20,000 turns of very thin wire wrapped around the primary coil
A simple electronic control unit that commonly goes by the name "electronic ignition" (or a set of breaker points and a capacitor)
A pair of strong permanent magnets embedded in the engine's flywheel.

You can see the two magnets in the following photo:

When the magnets fly past the U-shaped armature, they induce a magnetic field in the armature. This field induces some small amount of current in the primary and secondary coil. What we need, however, is extremely high voltage. Therefore, as the magnetic field in the armature reaches its maximum, a switch in the electronic control unit opens. This switch breaks the flow of current through the primary coil and causes a voltage spike (of perhaps 200 volts). The secondary coil, having 100 times more turns than the primary coil, amplifies this voltage to approximately 20,000 volts, and this voltage feeds to the spark plug.

Many riding lawn mowers do have a battery if they have accessories like headlights and electric start. Even so, the engine may use a magneto because the magneto is simple and reliable.

You can learn more about magnetos from these links:

Magnetos - great intro info
Old engine magnetos and ignition systems
BMW Ignition systems
Magneto and spark plugs
Ignitions
Lawn Mower Questions and Answers
Spark coil

Magneto FAQ

How does a magneto work on a lawnmower?

A lawnmower generates the power for the spark plug using a magneto. When the magnets fly past the U-shaped armature, they induce a magnetic field, which in turn creates a small amount of current in the primary and secondary coil. When the magnetic field in the armature reaches its maximum, a switch in the electronic control unit opens, which breaks the flow of current through the primary coil and causes a voltage spike. The secondary coil then amplifies this voltage, which is fed to the spark plug making the lawnmower work.

Does a magneto charge a battery?

While the magneto does produce enough current to charge a battery, thatâ€™s not its primary function. However, small gasoline engines use a magneto instead of a battery to generate the power for the spark plug.

Why do airplanes use magnetos?

Magnetos are used on many small airplanes like the Cessna 152 because they are simple and extremely reliable.

Should a magneto touch the flywheel?

The magneto should not touch the flywheel. In fact, you have to adjust the gap between the coil and flywheel magnets so that the flywheel magnet lines up directly with the magnetic coil and feeler gauge tool.

What are the three circuits of a magneto?

The magneto system is generally divided into three distinct circuits that include magnetic, primary electrical circuit and secondary electrical circuits.