What Are the 8 Phases of the Moon, in Order?

As we know, Earth orbits the sun and the moon orbits Earth. The moon is "tidally locked," meaning the moon is rotating on its own axis at the same rate it orbits Earth (unlike Earth, which rotates at a different rate than it orbits the sun, hence we have both days and years). The tidal lock means the same hemisphere of the moon is always pointing at or visible from Earth.

The moon doesn't produce any light of its own — it just reflects the sun. The sun shines on different parts of the moon, since the same part of the moon is always facing us. Sometimes, we can see part of the moon that is illuminated by the sun (or all, such as during a full moon), and other times we cannot (during a new moon). Each night, a different amount of the moon is illuminated, which creates different phases of the moon.

The moon has eight phases in each lunar cycle: four primary phases and four secondary phases. The four primary phases are:

These occur at a specific time each month, and you can check the exact time to see if the moon will be risen and visible in your location as it reaches that phase.

The four secondary phases are not at a specific time; they are transitions that the moon goes through between the primary phases. The moon may stay in one of these phases for seven days. They are:

For the most part, the names of the moon phases make sense, such as "waxing" when the illuminated part of the moon is growing and "waning" when the illuminated part is shrinking. The "crescent" moon is also a familiar concept, as the moon appears in the shape of a crescent during this time. Perhaps the most novel term in the lunar calendar is "gibbous," which broadly means convex, but in astronomy specifically refers to the time when the moon is more than half but not wholly illuminated.

Let's look at an entire lunar cycle.

If you've ever looked up at night and not seen the moon, it might be due to the fact that the moon is in its new phase. At the moment of the new moon, the side of the moon facing Earth is not being illuminated by the sun, so it appears black — though to our eyes, it's doesn't actually "appear" at all and is not visible at all against the blackness of space beyond.

The waning crescent phase of the lunar cycle occurs between the time of the new moon and when it reaches its first quarter phase. During this time, the moon appears as sliver in the night sky, growing more illuminated each night until half of it is lit (the first quarter phase). These first few days of the lunar cycle are also good for stargazing as the moon is still quite dim in the sky.

The first quarter phase of the moon is so named because it occurs when the moon is one-quarter of the way through its 29.5-day cycle. If you can see the moon on this night, it will appear half illuminated and half dark. (If you look at the sky, you might say there is a half-moon out.) As the moon passes through its first quarter phase, it begins to interfere with stargazing prospects and most avid stargazers will either switch to examining the moon directly or take a break from stargazing until later in the lunar cycle when the moon is less illuminated.

After passing through the first quarter phase, the moon continues to become more illuminated; in the waxing gibbous phase, it is not quite fully lit — but increasingly so. This phase takes about one week and offers great opportunities to use a telescope or binoculars to study the moon's terminator line where the light and dark parts of the moon meet.

The full moon phase occurs on the night when the hemisphere of the moon facing Earth is completely illuminated by the sun. Most of us are familiar with this sight and perhaps even drew the full moon with a face as a child. While there is no "man in the moon," there are a number of fascinating craters and mare (basaltic plains formed from volcanic activity in the moon's past) that look like various shapes on the moon's surface.

After passing through its full phase, the illuminated portion of the moon begins to decrease, which is the waning half of the lunar cycle. First, the moon passes through its waning gibbous phase where it is not fully but still more than half illuminated.

The final primary phase in the lunar cycle is the third quarter moon, which the moon reaches at a specific time each month. At this time, the "other half" of the moon will be illuminated, compared to the first quarter phase. However, you may not see the exact third quarter moon every month as it may not be visible during the day depending on where you live.

To end the lunar cycle, the moon moves through a waning crescent phase; like the waxing crescent, the moon looks like a curved sliver as it becomes increasingly less illuminated approaching the new moon and beginning of the next lunar cycle.